Loops are probably the final fundamental programming concept we’ve covered. Here’s a quick review of the syntax for the three primary varieties:
While Loops
while loops execute the code inside the curly braces repeatedly, and don’t stop until the “while condition” stops being true. The typical trick is to use a $counter variable that increments each time the loop is run. (The loop remembers variable values from the previous iteration of the loop, so eventually the while condition will stop being true and the loop will stop running.)
<?php
$counter = 1;
while ( $counter <= 6 ) {
echo ("<p>Now the counter is at $counter.</p>");
$counter = $counter + 1 ;
}
?>
This will produce the following HTML:
<p>Now the counter is at 1.</p>
<p>Now the counter is at 2.</p>
<p>Now the counter is at 3.</p>
<p>Now the counter is at 4.</p>
<p>Now the counter is at 5.</p>
<p>Now the counter is at 6.</p>
For Loops
for loops are similar to while loops but have slightly more elaborate setups. Rather than create and increment the $counter variable inside the loop alongside the code to be repeated, it all gets set up at the beginning. The setup is strict: you have to specify the starting value of the $counter variable, then the “while” condition, then the incrementing statement, all separated by semicolons.
<?php
for ($counter = 0; $counter <= 6; $counter = $counter + 1) {
echo ("<p>Now the counter is at $counter.</p>");
}
?>
(This code produces the same HTML as the while loop above.)
Foreach Loops
A foreach loop is exclusively for looping through the elements of an array. As usual, an example explains this best:
foreach for Indexed Arrays
Very often we have an indexed array and want to output the values of each element. We can’t simply run echo($array_name) — that will throw an error because we haven’t specified which element we want echoed. If we want to echo each element in turn, we run a loop:
<?php
// create indexed array of users
$users[0] = "joe";
$users[1] = "jane";
$users[2] = "jill";
$users[3] = "jeff";
// loop through each element
foreach $users as $each_user { // notice we create a temporary scalar variable ($each_user) for the purposes of accessing each element value in the foreach loop
echo ("<p>A user is named $each_user.</p>");
}
which will produce the following HTML:
<p>A user is named joe.</p>
<p>A user is named jane.</p>
<p>A user is named jill.</p>
<p>A user is named jeff.</p>
foreach for Associative Arrays
Associative arrays get a little more complicated, because you may want to access both the key and the value of each element within the loop. Note the $key=>$value syntax.
<?php
// create associative array of user joe
$user[name] = "Joseph Schmoe";
$user[age] = 25;
$user[nickname] = "Joe";
$user[catname] = "Esmerelda";
// run the loop
foreach ($user as $key=>$value) {
echo ("<p>This array has a key $key with a corresponding value $value</p>");
}
?>
… which will produce the following HTML:
<p>This array has a key name with a corresponding value Joseph Schmoe</p>
<p>This array has a key age with a corresponding value 25</p>
<p>This array has a key nickname with a corresponding value Joe</p>
<p>This array has a key catname with a corresponding value Esmerelda</p>
